EVN - I'm just me... wrote:^ I know.. and the Spaniards would have been worse had there not been a translator there at the final surrenders...
and some view her as a "mother" while others view her as a "traitor" (from the "Aztec" point of view)
Honestly there's alot of confusion in Mexican history
More Korean history.
Gojoseon (c. 2333 BC? - 108 BC)
Main articles: Gojoseon, Dangun
According to legend, Korea's first kingdom, Gojoseon (고조선, then called Joseon), was founded by Dangun in 2333 BC, in southern Manchuria and northern Korean peninsula. The people of Gojoseon belonged to the Tungusic family and were linguistically affiliated with the Altaic. Around 2000 BC, a new pottery culture is evidenced, with painted designs, in Manchuria and northern Korea. Intensive agriculture and complex societies developed during the Mumun pottery period (c. 1500-300 BC).
Although not widely accepted in Korea, some later Chinese records indicate Gija, a subject of Shang dynasty, introduced Shang cultural influence to Gojoseon around the 10th century BC.
The Bronze Age began around 1500 – 1000 BC in Korea. Bronze daggers, mirrors, and weaponry have been found, as well as evidence of walled-town polities. Rice, red beans, soybeans and millet were cultivated, and rectangular pit-houses and increasingly larger dolmen burial sites are found throughout the peninsula. [2] Contemporaneous records suggest that Gojoseon transitioned from a federation of walled cities into a kingdom sometime between the 7th and 4th centuries BC.
Around this time, a state called Jin arose in the southern part of the Korean peninsula. Very little is known about Jin, except that it was the apparent precursor to the Samhan confederacies. By the third century BC, iron culture was developing and the warring states of China pushed refugees eastward and south.
Gojoseon's King Jun appointed one of these refugees, Wiman, a commander of western territories, but Wiman rebelled and usurped the throne in 194 BC, and King Jun fled south to Jin. Gojoseon under Wiman was sinicized, but not a Chinese colony.
In 109 BC, the Chinese began a massive invasion of Gojoseon near the Liao River. Gojoseon fell after over a year of war, in 108 BC. China then established four commanderies, although three fell to Korean resistance in 82 and 75 BC.
Goguryeo tomb mural
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Goguryeo tomb mural
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Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea (108 BC - 3rd century)
* Main article: Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea
After the fall of Gojoseon, Jin in the southern part of the peninsula grew into three loose confederacies (collectively Samhan): Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan.
In the north, Goguryeo was founded around the modern border between China and Korea in 37 BC, claiming to be the successor to a branch of Buyeo. Among the other various small states in former Gojoseon territory were the neighboring Buyeo, Okjeo and Dongye in the northeast of the Korean peninsula and in Manchuria, all of which were later conquered by Goguryeo. The last Chinese commandery, at Lelang, was destroyed by Goguryeo in 313.
Mahan was later absorbed into Baekje, Jinhan was absorbed into Silla, and Byeonhan was succeeded by Gaya, which was in turn fully absorbed into Silla by 562. Because of this continuity, this period is generally considered a part of the Three Kingdoms period.
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Three Kingdoms (3rd century - 668)
Main article: Three Kingdoms of Korea
Baekje gilt-bronze incense burner
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Baekje gilt-bronze incense burner
Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla are called the Three Kingdoms.
Baekje was founded in 18 BC in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula, by the sons of Goguryeo's founder. It began as a member of the Mahan confederacy, but deveoped a strong centralized government based in Seoul. By the fourth century, and at its peak, it had conquered all of Mahan and centrally controlled most of the western Korean peninsula. Culturally, Baekje acquired Chinese civilization through its relationship with the Southern Dynasties in China. It played a fundamental role in transmitting cultural developments, including Chinese characters, Buddhism, iron processing, sword making, compass, etc into ancient Japan. Baekje was conquered by the Silla-Tang forces in 660.
The earliest founded and largest of the three, Goguryeo, reached its zenith in the fifth century, when Emperor Gwanggaeto and his son, Emperor Jangsu expanded into almost all of Manchuria and part of inner Mongolia, and took the Seoul region from Baekje, making Goguryeo one of the great powers in East Asia. Gwanggaeto and Jangsu subdued Baekje and Silla during their times, bringing about a loose unification of Korea. The Goguryeo emperors ruled not only Koreans but also Chinese and other Tungusic tribes in Manchuria and North Korea. Having successfully repelled the Sui and Tang Dynasties, including one of the greatest campaigns in world history do date against Sui Yang Di during the reign of Emperor Yeongyang in 612, the dynasty continued to hold the Chinese from invading the Korean peninsula. After internal power struggles, it was conquered by the allied Silla-Tang forces in 668.
The kingdom Silla began with the unification of six of the chiefdoms of the Jinhan confederacy. It annexed the Gaya confederacy and at various times allied and warred with Baekje and Goguryeo. It became the first kingdom with a queen who ruled on her own right.
Silla artifacts, including unique gold metalwork, shows influence from the northern nomadic steppes, differentiating it from the culture of Goguryeo and Baekje where Chinese influence was more pronounced. Silla expanded rapidly by occupying the Han River basin and annexing the Nakdong River remainder of the Gaya confederacy in 562. Silla deepened its relations with the Tang Dynasty, with her newly-gained access to the Yellow Sea.
In 660, King Munmu of Silla ordered his armies to attack Baekje. General Kim Yu-shin, aided by Tang forces, defeated General Ge-Baek and conquered Baekje. In 661, he moved on Goguryeo but was repelled. King Munmu ordered General Kim to launch another campaign in 667 and, in 668, Goguryeo fell.
