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…a group of associating individuals which has an |
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identifiable leadership and organizational
structure, |
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either claims a territory in the community, or |
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exercises control over an illegal enterprise;
and |
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engages collectively or as individuals in acts
of |
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violence or serious criminal behavior
(California |
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Office of Criminal Justice Planning 1987:3-4). |
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Black Clubs Develop (Late 1940s-1965) |
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Civil Rights Period (1965-1970) |
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Black Gang Resurgence (1970-1973) |
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Restrictive Covenants (1919-1948) |
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White youth violence |
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Residential and school segregation |
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Police brutality (1950-66) |
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In Los Angeles from 1919 – 1948 |
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In most of the States |
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Battle against covenants during the 1940s |
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Nat King Cole and Hattie McDaniel |
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Shelley .v Kraemer |
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Watts Rebellion |
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Truce |
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Formation of political and revolutionary groups |
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COINTELPRO |
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Murder and assassinations of major leaders |
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Community Action Patrol (CAP) |
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Sons of Watts |
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Black Student Union |
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Black Congress |
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Self Leadership for all Nationalities Today
(SLANT) |
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US Organization |
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Black Panther Party |
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…a serious struggle is taking place between the
BPP and the US organization. In
order to fully capitalize upon BPP and US differences, recipient offices
are instructed to submit imaginative hard hitting counterintelligence
measures aimed at crippling the BPP (Churchill & Wall: 1990, p.41) |
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We want an immediate end to police brutality and
murder of black people, other people of color, all oppressed people inside
the United States. We believe that the racist and fascist government of the
United States uses its domestic enforcement agencies to carry out its
program of oppression against black people….We believe it is our right,
therefore, to defend ourselves against such armed forces and that all black
and oppressed people should be armed for self defense of our homes and
communities against these fascist police forces. |
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Founder of the US organization, 1966 |
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No political leadership (local/national) |
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Young black mobilized in quasi-political groups |
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No coherent agenda |
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Lost focus on community concerns |
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Eventually engaged in conflict with other groups |
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Street gang development |
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Notes